IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notcts  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


0 


D 


n 


n 


n 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pelliculde 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serr6e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6X6  filmdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6x6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


D 
D 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pelliculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxe( 
Pages  d^colordes,  tachetdes  ou  piqudes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  detachdes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materia 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


I  I  Pages  damaged/ 

I  I  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

I  I  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I  I  Pages  detached/ 

r~|  Showthrough/ 

I  I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I  I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  3een  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  dtd  filmdes  6  nouveau  de  fapon  6 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

1 

/ 

12X 

16X 

20X 

a4X 

28X 

32X 

)laire 
)s  details 
iques  du 
nt  modifier 
KJger  une 
ie  filmage 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Saint  John  Regional  Library 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

Saint  John  Regional  Library 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  Ie 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  filmd,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


d/ 
)u6es 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  wf'ch  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim^e  sont  film^s  en  commenpant 
par  Ie  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  Ie  second 
plat,  selon  Ie  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film^s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  Ie 
cas:  Ie  symboie  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  Ie 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


aire 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film^s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorbque  Ie  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup^rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  Ie  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


by  errata 
ned  to 

lent 

une  pelure, 

fapon  d 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

1 , 


JOHAMPLAIN'S    EXPEDITION 


AGAINST  THE 


ONONDAGQES 


■;:/'-■  ■>■ 


ra 


1615 


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^'U^!PI{1SI^■(,    AN    IMinUY    INTh    'IIIK     linITi;    <   |-    Tlii:     1X1  I.Hrj'KiN.    AM)    ■riiK 
LOCATIOX    or    •J'llK     UKK^irol.-    Fi.KT    WIIICH    I'l'    llKSlKf;  Kp. 


coMMrMcA  ri;i)  -lo  ■iin--,  m;w  V(H!k   iiintokmai,  .-(kii/i  v.  (x  idr.i.i;.    \s',r,. 


r.Y 


(»i;sA.Mi's    11.    .MAi;sii.\i.i 

(■<)i(i;i-.-i'iiN)jlNii  Mi:.Mi;i-ii  nr   thk  sm  h/j'y. 


li 


Ni:\V     YORK: 
PllTNTEJ)     FOI{      rili:     SOCIETY 

lN7l'). 


&»' 


-?  /y-; 


dots,"  ii 


C  EI  A  M  PL  AIN^S  EXPE  D ITK  )N 


AGAINST  THE  OXONDAGOES. 


In  tlio  year  1015,  there  dwcU,  on  the  south-eastern  Axorc  of 
r.ake  lIuTon.  near  the  (ie()ri>-ian  hay,  a  nation  of  IndianHi  who 
wei'e  •■ailed  in  tiieir  own  L'in<i;na<i|;e,  ''Wendats"  or  "Wyan- 
dots,"  and  hy  tlie  French  "  I  [uroii.-^.'"  Tliere  is  ikj  i-eeord  of 
their  having  l)cen  vi? 'ted  hy  the  white  man  prior  to  the  al)ove 
date. 

In  the  H'linc  year,  tlie  Sieur  de  CliaTtiplain,  tlie  I"'ailier  of 
Fisnch  ( 'oloni-'ation  in  Anierica.  who  had  entered  t})e  St.  l.aw- 
rene(>  in  loi»o  and  founded  (>nehee  live  years  hiter,  ascended 
the  river  Ottawa  a;s  far  as  the  Huron  eounti-y.  Le  (.'arou,  the 
Franeis(;an  inissioiuirv,  having  preceded  him  bv  a  few  (hws 
oidy. 

These  adventurous  pioneers  wei-e  seeking,  in  their  respe(^ 
tive  spheres,  and  hv  coiu-urrent  enterpi'ises,  the  one  to  exph>re 
the  western  jiortions  of  New  !•' ranee,  and  tlie  other  to  estahlisli 
missions  amon.g  the  Xorth  American  Indians. 

The  11 'irons,  and  their  Algoidvin  allies  who  dwelt  on  the 
Ottawa,  heiiii:;  at  that  time  en^-au'ed  in  a  sant!;ninary  war  with 
the  confederated  li-oipiois  tribes  south  of  Lake  Ontario,  per- 
suaded Champlain  to  join  them  in  an  expedition  which  they 
wei'c  jn'ojectini;-  into  the  territories  of  their  enemy. 

The  combined  forces  set  out  from  Ca-i-ha-^MU',  the  cliief 
town  of  the  llur(»ns,  situated  between  tlie  river  Severn  and 
Matchedash  bay,  on  the  first  day  of  Septend)er,  lOlo/ 

('rossihij:  Lake  Sinu^oe  in  their  l)ark  (-aiioes,  they  jnade  a 
short  j»orta<i;e  to  the  head  waters  of  tlie  i-iver  Trent,  and  de- 
'  ChainpJum's  Voyages.     Edition  of  lOlJ'-?,  p.  251. 


I 


'^^"iiHw  iiiiiiiiiiiii^  I  Miimmwu      1 1^    "■"■ 


'■•^^''mmiimimmm 


sceiidt'il  its  zii^zaii'  cliaiincl  into  Lake  Oiitiirio.  Pupsin^  from 
isliiiKl  to  isliiiMl  ill  the  <ri'oii|i  which  lies  in  the  castci'ii  extccini- 
ity  of  that  hike,  fhrv  >arrl_v  rcachi'd  its  southern  shoiv,  and 
landed  in  the  present  State  of  New  York.  ( ^»neealinL;■  their 
caiKXJS  in  the  adjacent  woods,  they  started  overhind  for  tlieir 
Iro(jnois  enemies. 

In  an  aci-diint  of  this  expedition,  read  hefore  the  Xew  "^'ork 
Historical  Society  in  Marcii,  l.s4!),  and  piiblisheil  in  its  i'ro- 
eee<lini:v  for  tiiat  year.'  1  endeavoi-ed  to  estaldish  the  ju'eeise 
point  wliere  the  iii\a<lers  hinded,  the  route  which  they  ])nr.->iie(l, 
aiiil  the  position  of  the  li-oijuois  fort  which  they  hi'>iei;e(l. 
The  fact  that  (  liuiiiplaiii  had,  at  that  eurlv  dav,  visited  tlie 
(U'litral  [lart  of  the  State  of  New  ^'oi'k,  seemed  to  have  been 
ovei'h>oked  hy  all  previous  writers,  and  was  deenii'd  to  i)e  an 
interesting-  t()pic  for  hi.-torica!  iiMpiiry. 

Takinii'  for  my  ^'uide  the  edition  of  Champlaiirs  works  ])nli- 
lishetl  in  ltl.'J2,  the  only  one  tiieii  ae(;essible,-  1  hecunie  satis- 
lied,  on  a  careful  study  of  the  text  alone,  the  map  heiiio'  lo.'-t, 
that  the  expedition  laiuled  ut  or  near  Traverse,  now  eallefl 
"Stony  I'oint."'  in  lelfeisoii  c()unty,  and  from  thence  |>roceeded 
in  ii  S(Uitlierly  dii'ecti(»n.  ami  after  crossing'  the  l)i<;' and  Little 
Sandy  creeks  and  Sulnion  and  Oneida  rivers,  reached  the  iro- 
quoi>  fort  oil  ( )iioiiila^a  Lak(\ 

I  fully  stated  tlii'se  comdiisions  in  the  eommnnieafion  al)Ovc 
referred  to.  and  they  were  appro\ed  and  adopted  by  several  of 
our  American  historians." 

Other  writers,  liowexer.  of  equal  note  and  authority,  deem 
the  locution  of  thi'  fort  to  have  been  as  far  west  as  C'anandai- 
ii'iia  Lake.' 

In  vit'w  of  tlie^e   considerations.  I  have  been   led  to  recoii- 

'  Proceedings  of  the  New  Yoik  Historical  Society  for  1^49,  ]>.  0(t. 

-  The  lirst  iiceoinit  of  the  fxi>filitiiiii  wjis  ijutilishet'.  in  llilit.  It  differs  in 
au  cHsential  imrticular  from  that  of  1  <!;!',>. 

'•  Krodhead's  History  of  New  Yorlf.  Vol.  I.,  ]>.  00  ;  Clark's  History  of  Onon- 
daga. A'ol.  1.,  J).  25: i ;  Shea's  edition  of  Charlevoix's  Xew  France,  Vol.  II.,  p. 
2S,  note. 

*  O'Callnghan's  Doc.  Hist,  of  New  York,  Vol.  III.,  p.  10.  note;  Ferland's 
Cours  D'Hi.stoire  du  Canada,  p.  175;  Parkman's  Pioneers  of  Xew  France,  }). 
;JT:$  ;  Laverdiere's  Works  of  Champlain,  p.  52M,  note. 


sidcr  tl' '  sulijecf.  iiidctl  liv  iidilitidiiul  -(Uii-ce.- of  iiil'ormiiriuii. 
j)articuliirly  l>v  the  Ahlir  LiivenJiere's  ivci'iitlv  i.iil)ii>luMl 
splendid  etlitinii  of  all  of  ( "liamiilaiii's  woi'k.-. 

My  i>n'sciit  |)iir|)os('   is  to  state,  hrietly,  the  result  of  that  re 
cxuiiuiiatioii,  uiid   the  i;roiiiid>  uiiou  whit-h  I  adhere  to  my  loi-- 
nier  eoii(d\i>ioHs, 

I  will  iirst,  for  eonveineiit  rofereiiee,  i;ive  a  literal  translation 
of  that  part  of  ('haMi})lain's  narrative  which  iclates  to  the  i[ue.-- 
tioji.  It  is  taken  from  the  edition  of  lttL>(i,  which  difft'rs  in  a  few 
iinim[)ortant  particulars  oidy  from  the  >uhM'ipKMit  one  of  l<!.'!-_'. 

After  (U'sci'ihinii- the  vo^a;'•e  until  their  emharkatioii  lu-ar  tlu- 
Eastern  end  of  Lake  Ontario,  a  syno[i>i>  (»f  wliich  has  already 
heen  u-iven,  oiw  histoi'ian  sii ys : — ' 

••  Weniadeahont  fourteen  leairnes  in  erussln<::to  the  other  side 
"  of  the  Lake,  in  a  southerly  direction,  towards  the  territories 
"of  the  enemy.  The  Indians  concealed  all  their  canoes  in  the 
•■  woods  near  the  shore.  We  made  l»y  land  ahout  four  leagues. 
"over  a  sandy  heaeh,  where  1  noticed  a  very  au-reeahle  ami 
"beautiful  country, ''I'aversed  hy  many  small  streams  and  two 
"•small  rivers  which  empty  into  the  said  Lake.  Also  many 
"  i)onds  and  meadows,  ahoundini;'  in  an  intinite  variety  of  u'ame. 
"numerous  vines,  and  fine  woods,  a  great  nundier  (d'  chestnut 
"  trees,  the  fruit  of  wliich  was  yet  in  its  covering.  Although 
'•  very  small,  it  was  of  good  Havor." 

"  AH  the  canoes  being  thus  concealed,  we  left  the  shore  of  the 
"  Lake,  which  is  al)out  eighty  leagues  longand  twi-nty-tive  wide, 
"the  greater  [lart  of  it  being  inhabited  by  Indians  along  its 
'^  banks,  and  continued  onr  way  by  land  about  L^■')(»r  3<»  leagues."' 

"  Duriuii'  foui-  (lavs  we  ci'ossed  numerous  streams  and  a  I'ivcr 
"  issuin'>-  from  a  Lake  which  empties  into  that  of  the  Kntouhono- 
•'  /v>y;.s'.  This  Lake,  which  is  about  2.")  or  o(>  leagues  in  circum- 
"  ference,  contains  several  beautiful  islands,  and  is  the  phice 
•'  where  our  Ircxpiois  enemies  catch  their  fisli,  which  are  there 
"  in  great  abumjance." 

"On  the  i»th  of  October,  our  ])eople  being  on  a  scout,  en- 
"  countered  eleven   Imlians  whom  they  t<iok  prisoners,  namely, 

'   LaverdR-rc's  Ciianiiikuii.  p.  ."iSO. 


6 

"  four  Wdiiioii.  tlii'oe   Ixivs,  a  irii-]   jiikI   throe   incii.  wlio  wore 
"iroiiiir  t<»  till'  lishcrv,  (lUtant  lour  IcaiJ-ut's   I'loiii  tiie  I'lieinies' 

'^  fort." 

*  *  ■;<-  *  «  * 

"Their  villaixe  was  enclosed  with  four  strouj^;  rows  of  iuter- 
'*  IuccmI  palisades,  composed  of  hirii-(>  I'ieces  of  wood,  tliiilv  feet 
"  hii;h,  not  more  than  half  afoot  apart  and  near  an  unfailiii"^ 
''  hodv  (»f  water." 

■X-  -X-  •!•!■  *  *  * 

"  We  were  encamped  until  the  Hith  of  the  month.'" 
»  *  *  *  *  * 

"As  the  500  iiHMi  dill  not  arrive,'  the  Indians  decided  to 
"leave  hy  an  immeiliate  retreat,  and  heu-aii  to  make  haskets  in 
"  which  to  carry  the  wounded,  who  were  phuxvl  in  them  douhhid 
"  in  a  heap,  and  so  hent  and  tied  as  to  render  it  im{)ossihle  for 
"  them  to  stir,  any  moiv  than  an  infant  in  its  swaddlini;  (dothes, 
•'and  not  without  u^reat  suftei'ini,^  as  L  can  testify,  haviuii; 
"  heen  carried  several  days  on  the  hack  of  one  of  our  Indians, 
'•  thus  tied  and  im[)risoned.  which  made  me  lose  all  patience. 
"  As  soon  as  I  had  strenii'th  to  sustain  myself,  t  escaped  from 
'•  this  prison,  or  to  .>peak  plainly,  from  this  hell.*'' 

"The  enemy  pursued  us  about  half  a  leai^ue,  in  order  to 
"  capture  some  of  our  rear  g-uard,  l)Ut  their  efforts  were  useless 

"and  they  withdrew.'" 

*  *  ^:-  •;<-  *  » 

"  The  retreat  was  very  tedious,  heiui;'  from  25  to  80  leagues, 
"  and  g-reatly  fatiijued  the  wounded,  and  those  who  cari'ied 
"  them,  thoui;-h  they  clianged  from  time  to  time.  On  the  ISth 
"  considerable  snow  fell  which  lasted  but  a  short  time.  It 
"  was  accompanied  with  a  violent  wind,  which  n'reatly  incom- 
"  nioded  us.  Nevertheless  Ave  made  such  ]»rogress,  that  we 
"  reached  the  banks  of  the  Lake  ctf  the  Entoahouoi'oxt^,  at  the 
"  phxce  where  we  had  concealed  our  canoes,  and  which  were 
"  found  all  whole.  AVe  were  apprehensive  that  tlie  enemy  had 
"  broken  them  up."  " 

'  A  reinforcement  they  were  expecting  from  the  Carantouanais,  who  lived 
on  the  sources  of  the  Sucquchanna. 

-  Champlain's  Voyages,  El.  1032,  Part  I.,  pp.  254-203.  Laverdiero's  Re- 
print of  the  Narrative  of  1019,  pp.  38-48. 


^^''•llliiiW."' 


I 


I  will  iiitw  proceed  t<i  exatiiilie  the  reusons  wliicli  have  lieeii 
assiiriiefl  ill  t"av<ii' di"  loeiitiiiij  the  Ii'ocjiiois  t'urt  oil  or  near  ( 'a- 
iiaiiilaiuna  Lake. 

Tliev  ai'e  rhi'eef'ohl,  aiitl  FouikU'iI  on  the  following  assmnj)- 
tioiis  : 

/'//'.v/.  That  the  Eufnnhintoi'onx,  whorJc  t(MTitory  was  in- 
vaded, were  tho  Sen<c(ii^,  who  then  rt'pi<led  on  und  wctit  of  that 
lake. 

Seconil.  That  the  ronte,  w^  laid  down  on  the  map  of  Chani])- 
hiin,  annexed  to  the  edition  of  his  works  puI»hVhe(l  in  \yV.\'l.  in- 
dicates that  the  fort  was  on  a  tril»ntar\df  the  (ienesee  river, 
and  (•oii>e(inentl\'  in  the  S.mi-ii  conntrv. 

TJi'ird.  'J'hat  the  distan(;es  traveled  hv  the  expedition,  as 
stated  l>y  ( "hanii>lain,  jtrove  that  the  extreme  point  reached 
nni.-t  have  heen  in  the  Si  nmi  eonnt  ry. 

1  will  notice  these  j)roposition:-  in  their  order. 
J''li'><f.  In  reixard  to  the  identity  oF  the  l^iifonlKiiioj'uns  with 
the  Senecas.  ( )ne  of  the  ari2,-nments  ni'u'cd  in  lavor  of  this 
identitv,  is  hased  on  the  similarity  of  the  names,  the  Senecas 
lieinii'  calletl  "  Sf)/ionti>''rr/io)io/hs"  hy  the  Ihiroiis.  Ihit  they 
call  the  ( )nondai;as  "  Ono/tfifrrr/i't/io/iK,"  a  name  whii-h  hears 
quite  as  stroni:;  a  resendjlance  to  I'^ntonhoiioroihs  as  the  one 
they  applied  to  the  Senecas. 

It  nuiv  he  statetl  Ium'c  that  ( )"('allai:han.  Parkniaii,  l'\'rland, 
and  La\erdiere.  each  call  the  ti-ilie  in  (piotion  "  Mntonho/7>- 
/io/hs\''  whereas  Champlain.  in  all  the  editions  of  his  works,  iv- 
fei's  to  them  invariahly  as  "  l^ntonho//r//''//^>«■."'  He  nevei-  calls 
them  "  Kntollho/vyyK>/^s•  "  in  his  A. 'Y.  On  the  //^'/7>  annexed  to 
tlu!  edition  of  1<1.')l>,  they  ai'e  named  '' J //tono/v////;//.s',"'  hnt  in 
tlu;  i/H/f.f  to  the  map.  "  -.ly/tonho//^>/v'//>.-.*"  '  It  mn>t  thei'cfore 
have  heen  fi-om  the  niaj>.  and  not  fi-om  the  text,  that  tlu^  word 
•*  Antonhoronons "'  was  derived.  The  other  name,  as  nni- 
forndv  ^'iven  hy  Chanqilain  in  his  text,  we  nni>t  assume  to  he 
correct,  in  preference  to  the  solitary  enti-y  on  the  map. 

It  is  snpposed  hy  some  that  the  edition  of  Kl-'l^.  which  con- 
tains the   map,  was  not   the   work  of  Chamiilain.  and   never 

'  Laverdiore's  Champlain,  Vol.  II.,  p.  lo!>3. 


8 

])ass('(l  luiilcr  his  ])t'is()ii;i1  >iiporvisi(»n.  It  is  asnort"('(l  that  it 
was  coiiijiikMl  In-  liis  puhlislier,  ( "laiuU.'  Cdlh't.'  to  \vh<»s(!  carc- 
Ic'ssiicss  tlie  error  in  the  iitiiiie,  as  contained  on  tlie  map,  may  he 
attiihuted. 

There  was  no  map  annexed  to  tlie  e(lition  of  l*il!<',  and  the 
one  in  (jiie>tion  was  not  eonstrueted  nntil  the  edition  of  l(i.'{'i 
was  pulillslied.  seventeen  years  aftei'  the  date  ol'  tlie  Expedi- 
tion, as  ai>peai'S  from  a  memorandum  made  on  its  face.  Jt 
niav  not  have  hecn  eonipiled  from  aiitluMitie  data.  One  of  the 
discrepancie.-^  I)etw;'en  it  and  the  text  is  its  location  of  the 
'•  Aiit<tnnrnnn)is,"  iiot  at  the  li'o([nois  fort,  hut  a  loiiii-  distance 
west  of  it,  thus  niakiinj^  a  distinction  hetween  them,  and  the 
li'otpiois  who  were  liviiii';  at  tlie  fort,  that  is  wholly  iinwari'anted 
1)\  aiivthiiii;'  contained  in  the  nari'ati\e  of  ('ham[)lain.  It  is 
also  worthy  of  note,  that  the  map  is  not  once  refei'red  to  hy 
Champlain  in  his  text.  .Xot  only  was  it  consti'ucted  after  all 
liis  nai'ratives  ^\ ere  written,  hut  the  index  to  it  was  evidently 
added  hy  some  other  haiid. 

if  it  he  assumed  that  the  termination^  ^'  i'dikhis"  wuA '''  ))(>- 
r<inx"  are  identical,  and  mere  sutfixes,  sio-nifyinii;,  in  the  Huron 
lauii'uanc,  "peijile;"'  then  if  those  terminations  are  <lrop])ed 
from  each  of  the  three  woimIs,  they  will  respectively  heconie 
"  .-toiKiiifc  ,"  "  ini(>iit((>\''  and  "  <  /i/hn/io.'^  and  ri'present  the  names 
of  the  jihicis  wh(>re  those  nations  resided.  Xow  it  cannot  he 
saiil  that  there  is  any  stron<;-er  I'esemhlance  hetween  noiKUttoe 
and  <.iii(>nlii>,  than  hetween  (nioniae  and  oifoiilni. 

'{'he  idt'iitity  of  the  l\itf<nih(iii<n'(iii!<  with  the  Senecas,  rather 
than  with  the  <  )nonda^'as,  cannot  therefore  l)e  estahlislied  hy 
an\'  siippo.-ed  similarity  of  name. 

.\iiother  arii'ument  has  been  ur^ed  in  favoi'  of  such  identity, 
drawn  fi-om  the  existence  of  a  nation,  called  l>y  (  ianiplain 
"  ( '/i(>i(nftnii(ri)l'iin),'^  which  is  undouhtedly  a  misprint  for 
"i  '/n>iioi)tn>((ir<ni(>ity    They  are  described  as  living  betwt'en  the 

'  Havris.se.  Bibliographie  do  la  N.  France,  ]i.  (!(>.  Seo  also  Lavorditre's 
Chaniplain,  pp.  (i;iT-.s. 

'^  Tho  letters  "n"  and  "u"  occur  frequently  in  Indian  names,  and  it  is 
fpiite  dilHcult  to  distinguisli  the  one  from  the  other  in  niannse.-ipt.  Their  be- 
ing often  mistaken  for  each  other  occasions  numerou.s  typographical  errorf>. 


\^ 


9 

llui'oiis  of  r;uia<la.  and  the  ('niutiifoinniiiix  (or  Aiidastes),  on 
the  Siis(|neliaiina.'  ('lianii>lain  say;*,  that  "  in  ooinn-  IVoni  tlic 
"  one  to  tlie  other,  a  inland  detour  is  neeessarv.  in  orcU'r  to  avoid 
"the  ('/,(iii(>iif<iii(ir(ii)(>n,\\\\\A\  is  a  very  strong;  nation."  '  Fi'oni 
the  name  and  h)eation.  they  can  he  no  otlier  than  tlie  Seneeas. 

Tlie  Ahlx'  Laverdierc  assumes  tiiat  the  ('hiinviifoHnroHinis. 
are  ich-nlical  \vith  the  /.ntoihoinwuiis:'  This  cannot  he  true, 
forChamplain  mentions  tlieni  hoth  in  ahnost  the  same  sentence, 
and  nives  to  eaeli  their  respe(!tive  names,  witnout  a  liint  of  their 
identitv.'  Iinhrd  Lavcidieie,.  in  >ui>|.oi't  of  his  tlirory,  is 
()hlii>;ed  to  intci-polate  a  word  in  tlie  text  of  <  'liamplain.  wliich  is 
entirely  supertluous.' 

Sc-ond.  'J'he  next  in  oi-cU-r  for  consideration,  is  the  mufr 
juirsued  hv  the  expedinon,  and  the  locality  of  the  irocpiois  tort, 
us  they  are  deliiu'ated  on  Champlain's  mai). 

A  sliii'ht  examination  of  the  amicxcd  _/'"'-•«■''//"'/'  of  that  poi'- 
tion  of  the  ori^-inal  niao,  whii'h  relates  to  this  ex|.edition.  will 
show  such  map  to  lie  whollv  nnreliahle  as  a  U'uide  in  any  inves- 
tii;'ation  of  Chaniplain's  route.  It  is  incoi-rect  in  most,  of  its 
details.  Although  it  exhibits  the  --enei'al  outlines  of  Lakes 
Ontario  and  Huron,  Lake  Krie  is  almo^t  entirely  ii-'noi'i'd.  an 
irreii'ular  strait,  hearinjj;  little  resend)lauce  to  it  heini;  suh.-ti- 
tuted.  Lake  Ontario  is  represented  as  containini;  several  island- 
scattered  alonii:  its  northern  and  southern  shore,  and  the  Niauai'a 
river  as  runniuii-  due  east  into  its  westernmost  extremity.  'I  lie 
Oreat  Falls  are  located  at  the  very  mouth  of  the  river.  Every- 
thin<<'  is  distorted,  and  in  some  nlaces  scarcelv  reco^ni/ahle. 

The  su[)iiosed  route  of  Champlain  is  attemjtted  to  he  indi- 
cated by  'A(lnffr<I  ////(',  which,  cr.issiiiH-  Lake  Ontario  al'«n^-  a 
chain  of  ima<;-inary  islands,  nearly  ojqiosite  the  mouth  of  the 
Oswej^o  river,  strikes  the  southern  >liore  at  that  point.  All 
evidence  that  the  expedition  traversed  the  "sandy  heach  ""  wot 
of   Stoiiv  I'oint,  as   referred   to  in    the  text,  and  aloii^'  which  it 

'  Jesuit  Rolatiou  f.  11- 1(i4S.     QuoIkic  reprint.      I'l).  td- IH. 

''  Laverdiure.'H  (Jhampluin.  \>.  .'i-'i. 

■'  Lavenlirre's  Chaiiiiilaiii,  p.  ."i-l,  note  1. 

*  Lavcnliere's  ClKiiiiplaiii.  i>.  '.10i)-iM0. 

"  LavL'rditre'M  Cliaiuplaiii,  p.  o'i'.',  nolo  I. 


10 

lUKlouhredly  passed, /".v  cntmiij  oinlUid.  Fi'Oin  tlio  mouth  of 
the  OswcD^o  the  line  pursues  a  southei'ly  direction,  crossing  what 
a})})('iirs  to  he  the  piesent  Seneca  river,  and  t'runi  thence  con- 
tinues southerly,  across  another  stream,  and  between  two  hikes, 
dii'ectly  to  the  Irotpiois  fort.  1'hi^  I'oiite.  as  thus  shown  hy  the 
v/^^/y>,  is  hi<^'hly  improhahle,  unnecessai'ily  <rircnitous,  and  cannot 
possibly  be  reconciled  with  the  text  of  Chaniplain.' 

If  the  expedition  had  j^one  as  far  west  as  Canandaio-ua  lake. 
Chani]>iain  would  have  passed  near  to,  and  have  become  ac- 
ipuiinted  with,  the  existence  of  no  less  than  eii^ht  of  those  re- 
uiai'kabic  iidanrl  sheets  of  water  which  form  so  conspicuous  a 
feature  in  the  scenery  of  central  New  Vork,  not  to  mention 
thi'ec  others  a  litth;  fui-ther  west.  Oidy  five  lakes  are  indicated 
on  the  map,  and  none  are  mentioned  in  the  narrative,  except 
Oneida  Lake  and  the  one  on  which  the  fort  M-as  situated. 

It  is  n(»t  sur[>risinijj  that  the  adventurous  Fi-enchman  was  i)e- 
wildered  in  the  vast  forests,  amcMii;;  the  nmnerous  streams, 
extensive  ponds  and  morasses,  whi(,'h  he  en(!<  intered  on  his 
way.  and  that  he  failed  to  li'ive  a  more  intelli::ible  description 
of  the  hostile  counti-y  into  which  he  had  pi'iietrated. 

If  he  had  passed  neai-  the  lakes  above  referred  to.  they  would 
(rertainly  have  been  as  worthy  of  description  as  the  ''sandy 
i)each.''  "the  beautiful  wooded  country.*"'  ''the  numerous 
streams,"'  the  Oneida  "  Lake  and  river,"'  ''the  Small  lake."  on 
the  banks  of  which  he  found  the  Iroc^uois  fort,  and  the  ot':er 
interestiui^'  obje(;ts  which  he  met  on  his  route,  and  noted  in  his 
nai'rativ(>. 

Tlmd.  It  is  urii;ed,  as  an  additional  armiment  au'ainst  the 
location  of  the  Ii'otpiois  fort  in  the  ( )iioiida<i'a  country,  that  tlu; 
distance  of  '"  2r>  or  J><>  leaj^'ues,'' stated  by  ('hamplain  to  have 
been  traveled  by  the  invaders  after  they  had  landed,  as  well  in 

'  111  thn  fdi'-Huiiilr  of  (Ihainplain's  niii]i,  nublislied  hy  Tross,  iii  I'liris,  tlie 
tlottod  line,  wliore  it  sliould  cross  Lake  Ontario,  as  sliowii  !iy  tlie  orij,''iiial  map, 
is  omitted.  The  same  ))ortiou  of  the  line  i,s  also  wanting  in  the  jnc-siunli' 
|)ul)lislied  hy  Dr.  0'f!alIaj;han,  in  Vol.  III.  of  the  Documentary  History  of 
New  Vork,  and  hy  Laverdiere,  in  his  recent  edition  of  Cluimi)laia's  works. 
The  islands  in  the  eastern  end  of  Lake  Ontario,  as  represented  on  the  original 
nuip.  are  also  entirely  omitted  on  Dr.  O'VaWaghimsfdc-niinili: 


SOfiitti 


iCintY-  ♦'•' 


!V 


11 

<>'(»iii<^-  to  as  in  retui'itiiiii;  from  tlie  I'ort.  iiidicatos  tliiit  tliov  must 
have  ii'one  as  far  west  as  ('aiiaiulaijjjuii  Lake. 

It  has  been  said  that  in  statini:;  this  distance  Cliamplain  in- 
tended to  excdnde  the  "i'onr  h-ai^ues  ■"  whicli  lio  says  tliev 
traveh'd  ovei-  "a  sandy  hcach,"  innnediately  after  they  had 
concealed  tlieir  canoes,  thus  makini«;  from  *2!>  to  .'ll  leaii'ues  in 
all.  Hut  this  cannot  he  a  fair  coiisti-uctioii  of  his  lanirnaire. 
He  says,  "  W(^  made  ahout  foiiileen  U'auMies  in  crossiiii;  the 
'•  lake  in  a  southerly  direction.  The  Indians  conceale<l  all  tlieir 
"■canoes  in  the  woods  near  the  shore.  We  traveled  hy  land 
"  some  four  lea<rnes  over  a  sandy  beach."  ' 

A  little  further  on  he  says : 

"All  the  canoes  hciiiu-  concealcMJ,  we  ])roccede(l  liv  land 
"about  -i.")  or  M"  Icaii'ues  dui'inn'  i'our  days.''  lie  tlms  in- 
cludes th<!  "  i'oni'  leairues  "  in  the  "  2.")  or  ^{O  leai>'ues  "  ti'avel, 
all  of  whi(;h,  he  states,  was  accomplished  in  "  four  days."'  after 
they  left  tiieii'  canoes. 

Th(>  ab()vt' consti'uction  is  vei'itied  by  the  further  stateiueut, 
that  the  same  distance  of  "  iJ.')  oi-  ,'!(»  IcaiiMics  "  was  travejei]  by 
the  e.\]ie(lition  on  \\^  rif nm  from  the  fort  to  the  canoes,  I'e- 
ferrin<>'  to  the  ir/mli  distance. 

"The  i-eti'cat,'"  he  says,  "  was  very  te(lious.  bciuu'  fi'oin  '1'^  to 
'•yo  lc;iu-iies,  and  li'reatly  fatiii'ued  the  wounded  and  those  w  hv> 
'*  boi'c  them.  alihou<>-h  thev  cIkuiuhmI  from  time  to  time." 

Yet  this  I'etreat  unist  ha\e  been  accomplished  in  firo  (hn/'<, 
half  the  time  it  took  to  reach  the  fort  from  the  landini:-.  foi-  he 
states  they  wt'i'e  encamped  Itet'ore  tlu'  iort  until  the  Hith  of 
( )ctobei\  aud  reached  tlieii-  canoes  on  the  l>ith.  ('hai'lesoix 
says  they  did  not  stop  on  their  I'etivut" — a  physical  imi)ossibility, 
certainlv  —  if  thev  started  from  as  far  west  as  Canaiulaiyua 
liake.  'J'his  assertion  of  ( 'liai'lexoix  is  not  warranted,  howe\er, 
by  the  narrative  of  (hampiain. 

[n  considei'iiin'  thi;  (piestion  of  (/ishatCf',  it  nuist  be  borne  in 
mind,  that  tla^  attackinn*  pai'ty  was  on  foot,  advam-iu<;'  cau- 
tiously towards  a  formidiible  enemy,  in  a  hoi^tile  and  uiiexplored 

'  Lavenl lore's  Chnm plain.  ]>.  .')'J(>. 

•  Charlevoix'  N.  France,  Vol.  I.,  p.  !.'41.     Edition  of  1744. 


^ 


12 


couiiti'V,  (lostitiidc  of  roiidrf  and  .'iboniidiiiir  in  dense  forests, 
iininerous  rivers  ;ind  itiiry  swamps. 

I'lider  such  circiiiustiuiees,  iiieinuhered  as  tliey  were  with 
their  iiii[tl('iiiriits  of  war  and  other  effects,  their  [)i'o<j^ress  must 
have  lieen  slow.  The  distances  whicli  are  u'iyen  hy  ( "liamplain, 
hein;^  measui'cd  oidy  liv  time,  are  consi'iiuently  ovcsr-estimated. 
( )ii  their  retreat,  they  had  l)ecom(;  more  fannliar  with  the  coun- 
try, and  lUKk'r  tlie  stimuhis  of  an  enemy  in  tlie  rear,  accom- 
j)lislu>d  their  I'etui'u  witli  much  greater  i-ajtidity. 

l''i'om  Stony  Point  wliere  they  hinch-d,  to  Onornhiira  Lake,  fol- 
h»\vinir  the  l)eac]i  of  Lake  Ontai'io,  is  tifty-three  mik's,  hy  the 
■s//^//'A.v/  jtoxxililr  liii(\  as  niease.red  on  a  rcliahk;  nuip.  Ihit  it 
wouhl  have  heeii  impossible  for  sucii  an  e.\[)cdition  to  pursue 
so  direct  a  coui'se,  o\vin<x  to  the  nef;essity  of  moving-  circum- 
spectly, and  (if  seekini:;  the  most  c  nvenient  and  practicable 
route  tlu'ouu'Ii  an  uid<no\vn  wildei'iiess. 

It  would  not  he  unreasonahle  to  dednct  at  least  one-tlurd, 
from  the  nund)er  of  leai^ues  stated  hy  ( "hamplain,  in  order  to 
arrive  at  the  actual  air  line  distance  between  the  place  where 
he  landed  and  the  Innpiois  foi-t.' 

As  an  example  of  the  over-estimates  liy  ('hamplain  himself, 

'  Chanipliiiirs  iU,-;t,T,nces  are  stated  iu  "leagues.''  Several,  dift'eriiif^  in 
length,  were  used  by  the  French,  under  that  name. 

Among-  them  wore  the  •'lieue  de  j»ost(!  "  of  ~  ,',,•,,  English  miles — the  "  licue 
nio\-cnne"  of  2,',,',,  English  miles,  and  the  "  lieue  geograithi<iue  "  of  Ib'ni  l^ug- 
lish  miles. 

It  is  imi)nrtant,  in  discussing  this  question,  to  determine  the  length  of  the 
one  used  by  Chanijilain.  Neither  his  narrative,  nor  his  map  of  Kili'J,  affords 
any  light  on  tin;  subjeet. 

There  is  inscribed  on  a  m.'ip  dated  in  1(5(14.  entitled, 

"Le  Canada  fait  par  le  Sr.  de  Chaniplain  *  *  snivant  les  Menniires  do  P.  du 
V.al."  a  scale  of  ■■  IJenin  FiutKCiiisiH  (•luicniie  di  2, ode  pun  (jioiHili'i'i'ttx.'^  This 
was  published  \Vi  yeais  after  the  \i\-Vi  nlitiiiu  of  ('hauii)lain's  voyages,  and  it  is 
fair  to  presume  that  the  length  of  the  leagut;,  as  given  on  the  map.  is  identi- 
cal with  the  one  used  l)y  C!hanii>lain.  As  a  geonu;trieal  )>aee  is  1  ,'-,|-'i,  French 
metres,  or  ;!-|-,h,  English  feet,  it  follows  that  Champlain's  league  must  be 
2|''i?i,  English  miles,  differing  slightly  from  the  length  of  tin;  liaic  <li  jn'stt  as 
above  stated. 

This  conclusion  would  acoount  for  tin;  diserepanei,'  which  has  arisen  from 
calling  the  old  French  league  etpiivalent  to  three  English  miles. 


M»  ■**  Kill 


"i?ft*1V  ■Miiiai '• — 


to 


13 

refevoiu'c  may  he  liad  to  tlio  width  of  Lake  Ontario,  which  he 
says  is  ''  twenty -tivc  leaii'iics,''  an  excess  of  twenty  miles.' 

He  stat(;s  tlie  cirenint'erence  <»f  Oneida  Lal<e  at  ••twenty- 
five  or  thirty  leagues,"  an  excess  of  one-third.  Numerous 
other  over-estimates  on  his  pai't  miii-ht  I)e  cited. 

It  may  he  intei'estiiii;',  in  this  (•onne(tion,  to  com[>are  the  dis- 
tances over  this  same  route,  and  hetween  the  same  points,  as 
furnished  hy  two  independent  witnesses,  the  »Iesiiit  l''athers. 
('/i(niiii<>ii()t  m\(\  J><ihl(jii,  \\\\>.)  I'cspectively  traveled  it  in  Hir),") 
and  ltl5»!,  and  with  every  facility  for  ascertain ini;-  the  truth. 

The  Jesnit  naii'ative  iid"orni>  ns  that  Father  ('/niiniKuiof  leit 
]\h>ntre;d  on  the  7th  day  of  Octohei^.  K!.");"),  for  the  ( )nondiii^a 
Counti'v.  and  readuMl  "  ^/'////^/A///''/'/*"' "  (tlie  mouth  of  Salmon 
]'i\ci-)  \)y  canoe  on  the  '1\){\\  of  the  r-ame  month."  That  he  di^- 
end»arked  the  next  day  and  preiKii'cd  to  i^'o  Ijy  land  to  (himi- 
ddijii,.  'J'hat  he  left  on  the  tirst  day  of  Xo'.emher,  and  after 
goiiio-  ''//'/v  i/niii/  /////ji/rN^"'  encamjted  for  the  night  on  the  hanks 
of  a  small  strciini. 

Karly  on  the  moi-nin.g  of  the  second  he  contiiiuecl  his  journey 
for  "  si.i'  o/'  S'-rr/i  />■(/(///,  s,'^  and  encamjied  for  the  night  in  the 
open  air.  On  the  third,  hidore  suiu'ist',  he  resumed  his  way. 
and  reache<l  "  Ti'th'i rinj>i< n^  a  I'iver  whit-h  issues  fi-nin  Lake 
Oo!.iit/i(>^'  (the  outlet  of  Oneida  hake)  and  which  he  says  "' is 
rcnnarkalde  as  a  rendezvous  i'oi'  a  great  nund)er  of  lishcu-men." 

Here  he  passed  the  night  in  ;ni  Indian  cahin.  The  distance 
ti'aveled  this  day  is  not  stated,  I)Ut  we  may  assume  it  to  have 
heen  five  leagues,  which  is  al)out  the  avei'age  c»f  the  otlu'r 
days. 

On  the  fourth,  he  went  ''ahout  six  leagues,"  and  passed  the 
night  in  ;in  •'open  country,"  '*  four  leagues"  from  ( )nondaga. 
On  the  following  day,  the  fifth  of  Xovend)er,  he  reached  the 
Iatt(!r  ])lace.  having  spent  \\\Ki  days  in  traveling  from  the 
mouth  of  Salmon  i'iver,  a  distance',  according  to  the  nai'rati ve, 
of  twentv-six  leairiies. 

Inasmuch,  howe\er,  as   the  Ii'o(piois  fort  is  claimed  to  have 

'  LiivordiCiro's  Chuiuplain.  p.  527. 

•'  Kelatiou  of  105(5,  p.  T.     Quebec  Edition. 


\ 


m — 


u 

Ix'cii  on  (>iioiidai>;}v  lake,  wliicli  lies  i'our  leriu'iics  north  o!:"  tlio 
aiK-ient  villai;'0  of  Onomlaga,"  -wliicli  C'hannionot  readied  oi- 
the  liitli  of  Xoveniber,  the  s^aid  four  U'a_<i;iie^  should,  for  (he; 
j)ui-]H)se  of  (•onllluri^on  witli  ( 'hanij)lain,  he  (k'ducted  fi'(»ni  the 
twcntv-five  lea^rneri.  T(>  tlie  residtin^'  diffei-cnce  shonld  he 
a(hled,  for  the  same  reason,  six  and  a  hali'  leay,-ues,  l)eini:; 
the  distance  fi-oni  Stonv  J*oint  to  tiie  mouth  of  the  Salmon 
river,  tlius  makinti'.  from  the  said  Point  to  the  foi't,  aecoi-dini!;  to 
tlie  Jesuit  narrative,  t\venty-ei«i'ht  and  a  half  leairues.  which 
sufficiently  corresponds  with  the  distance  of  "  25  or  ^!<i  h;a<^-ues," 
as  staled  hy  (Jhamplain. 

The  other  Jesuit  Father.  /A/^V^///,  was  a  companion  to  ('han- 
iiioni't  on  his  -utward  vo\an'e  to  ( )nondaL!;a,  and  the  author  of 
the  ruirratives  oi  hoth  journeys  as  ^'ivcn  in  the  -lesuit  Relation. 

Leavino;  (Jjiamiioixit  at  ()noiulai;'a,  Diihlon  set  out  on  his 
return  to  (^ueljec  ou  the  second  day  of  Alarcli,  inr)<!j-  and 
traveled  tluit  day  five  leau'ues.  On  the  third  lie  rested  on  ac- 
count of  the  rain.  On  the  foui'th  he  ti-axcletl  six  leau'ues  to 
Oneida  I.akc.  Xot  heinii'  ai)le  to  cross  on  account  of  the  weak- 
ness of  the  ice,  he  spent  the  next  day  on  its  haidss. 

On  the  sixth,  it  was  sufficiently  fro/eii  *^o  enahle  him  to  pass 
over  at  a  ])oint  whei'e  the  lake  was  a  leau-ue  and  a  half  hi'oad. 
He  reached  the  mouth  of  Salmon  river  on  thu  eighth,  a  little 
l)efoi'e  noon,  .'onsumini;'  in  travel,  exclusive  of  detentions,  four 
and  a  hidf  days.  The  daily  ])ro£i-ress,  after  ci-ossinii,-  Oneida 
Lake,  is  not  <i-ivcn,  hut  all  iwinu'  live  leaii'ues  for  aii  average 
dav'  travel,  it  would  make  :23  and  a  half  lea^'ues  from  the 
Onoiulau'a  village  to  the  mouth  of  Salmon  river.  After 
allowino-  the  same  deductions  and  additions  iis  in  the  case  of 
Father  Clidiononot'i^  trip,  it  svould  leave  2*>  hagues,  which  is 
ahoi.t  .;n  averai;-e  of  the  distances  stated  hy  Ohamplain.  Uy 
thu  Jomparin<i'  ("hamphiin's  estimates  with  those  of  the  .lesuit, 
it    ,ill  he  readily  seen,  that  the  expedition  of  the  formei-  could 

.)t  have  extended  west  of  Onondapi  Lake. 
Having  thus  examined  the  I'casons  which  have  hecn  ur^'cd  in 
favor  of    locating  the   fort    in   (piestion   on    Seneca  territoiy, 
'  Jesuit  Relatiou  for  l(i.")(i,  p.  14.     Quebec  Edition. 
'^  Jesuit  Relatiou  for  llioii,  p.  IJ5.     Quebec  Edition. 


^■p 


•VWPWMPMM 


i 


Ill 


15 

fonmlcd  on  the  similiirity  between  tlie  njuuc?  which  the  Unrons 
bestowed  on  the  Ir(»([n()is  and  npon  the  Hiitini/,,nini-oi)x,  and 
also  those  based  on  tlie  course  of  the  ""dotted  line"  laid  (knvn 
on  ('hanu^»liiiirs  niii|>,  betwc'.-n  the  point  where  ]ie  hvnded  and 
tiie  rsjiid  fort,  and  on  the  distances  which  Chaniplain  states  were 
travek'd  by  liini,  between  the  sjune  pointsi,  it  now  remains  to 
state  and  consMer  tlie  objections  which  I'xist  a^-ainst  the  loca- 
tion of  the  fort  as  far  west  as  the  b^eneca  Country. 

T'lr  f.  The  actual  distance  between  the  place  of  landinii-  and 
the  foot  of  ( 'anniMlaiirua  hake,  nu'asured  on  an  air  liiu-,  is  thirty- 
two  lea<j;iies.  It  would  be  absurd,  however,  to  suppose  that  tlie 
ex})edition  would  lia\e  followed  such  a  line.  <  )u  the  contrary, 
in  iiccouipli>liinn'  tlu'  di>tance  to  the  fort,  it  luu-t  h:i\e  passed 
over,  as  >iated  oii  a,  previous  pai;'e,  at  least  one-third  more  tliaii 
a  straiu'li!  lint'  between  flu;  said  points.  This  fact,  without 
ailowiii:^:'  anytliiui;-  foi- ( 'liauiplain's  over-estimate,  woidd,  in  case 
the  objecti\i;  point  were  ("anaiHiaii;Mui  Lake,  make  tlui  di^taiu-e 
actually  traveled,  at  least  forty  leaij^ues  I 

If,  as  is  claimed  by  <ome,  the  fort  was  still  iurther  wcr-t,  on 
a  tributary  of  the  (ienesee,'  it  would  add  several  leagues  more 
to  t!  ■  diilicultv. 

Srcoiit/.  The  desio-n  of  the  expedition  Avas  to  attack  an 
Iroipiois  tribe  livinii;  south  of  Lake  Ontario.  Tlu;  assailants 
Avere  the  llurons,  liviui;'  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  lake  whi(;h 
]»ears  their  name.  They  started  from  their  princijial  villai::e, 
situated  west  of  Lake  Simcoe,  on  the  borders  of  the  Huron 
Country  nearest  to  the  Iro(piois.'' 

Now.  if  it  were  their  ob)e(;t  to  attack  the  Senecas,  the  short- 
est and  most  feasible  route  to  reach  them,  would  have  been  by 
proceeding-  either  in  a  southerlv  direction  arouiul  the  westei'ii  ex- 
tremitv  of  Lake  <  )ntario,  thi-oui'-h  the  ti'rritorv  of  the  fi-iendly 
Xeuter  nation,  wlu;  then  lived  on  both  sides  of  the  Niagara,  or 
directly  across  the  lake,  landin<i:  on  its  southern  shore  at  or 
near  the  mouth  of  the  (ienesee  river.  The  fact  that  the  ex- 
pedition ii'avele(|  eastward  for  the  entire  length  of  tiiat  lake,  and 

'  Laverdiore's  ("'-amplain,  p.  528,  note  1. 

'^  Jesuit  lleiation,  104(1.  \).  !)0.  Quebec  Edition;  Lavcrdiure's  Ghamplain,  p. 
518,  n.  1. 


16 


on  it>  ii; irilici'ii  hoivler,  crc)ssini«;  its  oastern  cxtrctnity  in  searcli 

)f  an  enemy  (111  its  soutli  side,  aHoi'ds  a  stroni;  presiini|>ti()n  tliat 

ihe  enemy  thus  son^'-Jit  was  located  neai'  tliat  easteiMi  extieniitv. 

Th'n'il.  i'lio  Ilnrons  and  their  allies  would  liuidly  lia\e  risked 
themselves  so  tar  from  theii-  canoes  as  to  choose  so  circuitous  a 
]"oute  to  reach  the  Sriu'ruK.  The  danger  of  heiiiir  out-flanivetl  I»y 
the  watchful  Iro(jnois  trihes,  who  were  kindred  ti>  the  Sent  cas. 
and  whom  they  would  he  ohlii;-ed  to  pass  on  tlic  \  ay.  woidd 
have  foi'hidden  so  rash  and  ha/.ardons  an  under-takint!,-. 

It  may  l)e  mentioned  in  this  connection,  that  the  Ilurons 
were  intensi-ly  hostile  to  the  ( )non(hi^-as,  for  th''  latter,  more 
ihau  eitiier  of  the  other  IrocjUois  trihes,  had  vexed  and  haiassed 
the  former.'  The  Ilurons  would  hardly  have  passed  \ts  and 
left  so  implacalile  an  enemy  in  tiieir  rear,  to  attack  a  less 
ohnoxious  memher  of  that  warlike  confederacy. 

llavinir  examined  tlu^  aru'uments  which  ha\i'  hecii  ur<>'cd  in 
favor  of  the  location  of  the  Innpiois  lort  in  the  Country  of  the 
Senecas,  and  considei'ed  a  few  of  the  princi[)al  ohjeclions 
aii'ai.ist  it,  I.  will  now  mention  some  of  the  atlirmative  proofs 
estahlishing  its  site  on  or  near  ()nonda<i'a  Lake. 

A  careful  examination  oi  Chamjtiain's  narrative  will  >how 
that,  as  hefore  stated,  he  nui^t  have  landt'il  on  what  has  heen 
desiii-nated  as  " Tra\erse ''  or  "  Ston v  l*oint,"  in  .Jefferson  ( 'ountv. 
It  is  the  neai'est  and  most  feasible  landing  fi-om  the  islands 
Mhich  are  ai-ouped  in  the  eastern  extrcmitv  of  Lake  ( )ntari<-. 
and  along-  which  the  expedition  undouhtedly  passed  hefore 
reaching  its  southei-n  shore."  it  is  well  known  that,  from  the 
earliest  times,  the  Indians  and  voyagi'Ui's  availed  theniM-lxes  of 
the  i)i'otection  of  those  islands,  as  they  cimssimI,  in  I'ough 
weather,  from  one  side  of  the  lake  to  the  othei".  The  exiiedi- 
tion  could  not  easily  lia\i'  landed  directly  up(/n  the  [loint  in 
(piestioii,  as  it  presents  a  pi'rpi'ndicular  I'ocky  hinif,  washed  at 
its  base  hy  the  lake,  and  forms  a  hold  and  insui'niountahle  har- 
rier foi"  some  distance  in  either  direction.  IJy  pas>ing  ai'ound 
the  north-eastern  extremity  of  the  point,  a  safe  and   sheltered 

'  Jexuit  Ilt.'latioii,  1G4H,  p.  4T.     Quebec  Edition. 

'■'  Chami)laiii  says,  "  There  were  large,  flue  islands  on  the  passage." — Lucer- 
i/ii'i'tK  t'loiinjikiin,  p.  Ti'M. 


\ 


if 


I 


17 

l)ay  is  aceessihle,  at  tlu'  hottoni  of  \vliicli  is  tlieprosont  Iiiirltor  t»f 
IIi'IkIci'soii.  Tiiis  WHS  \i<\\<^  used  as  a  laiuliiii.';  place  in  the  early 
hiritorv  <it  tiie  eoiiiitiv,  and  its  convenient  ami  >eclinle<l  jtosiiion 
was  iindoiihtedly  chosen  Ity  (  lianiplain  and  his  (;otn|»anions  as 
.1  i'avoruMe  point  i'oi*  leavinu-  and  c<)ncealinir  !lieir  canoes. 

IIa\ini:-  accoinj»lislied  their  dcliai'kation.  the  in\aders  fol- 
lowed, i'or  four  ieauMies  in  a  soiitlierlv  direcriitn.  the  sandv 
heacli  which  still  horders  the  lake  as  far  sonth  a>  Salmon  ii\er. 

It  is  ahoiit  !-i\  and  a  half  leaiines  IVoni  Stony  i'oint  t<i  that 
river.  'J'he  many  small  streams  and  ponds  mentioned  l»y 
("hamplain  can  easily  Ik'  identitieil  iiy  the  aid  of  a  correct  map. 
and  also  the  "two  small  ri\<'rs/'  which  are  nndonbtedly  those 
now  known  as  ;'ie  iSii;'  Saiidv  creek  and  Salmon  river. 

'i'he  invaders  wci-c  tonr  day-^  l'r(»m  the  time  ol  their  laiidini;  in 
reaching:'  the  Iro.niois  lort.  'I'he  narrative  states  that  alter  |las^- 
in<r  the  streams  aliovi-  mentioned.  "•  thev  (M'os.<ed  a  I'ivei-  is>nin<'' 
''from  a  lake,  whicth  empties  into  that  <d'  the  KtiitiiiJiiiiKirunx'''  ' 
This  undoubtedly  I'et'ers  to  ( )ni'ida  rivei'  and  Lake.  '•  This 
J.ake,"'  says  the  narrative,  '"  is  about  'Ih  or  ;><•  leau'nes  in  cii'(;nm- 
'•  fereuce."  contains  beautiful  inlands,  and  i<  the  place  where 
"  the  lro(piois  luih'li  f/i)  li' p's/i,  wliich  aiv  there  in  abundance." 

After  crossing'  nnrida  I'ivi'r.  the  scouts  encountered  and 
(taptured  a  party  ot"  Inxjuois.  •'  {/<>in(f  to  tli>  pxin nj^  disfiini  ftmr 
le(i(j tics  from  the  t'luiaijis  yort."  This  locates  the  fort  four 
leaiiMios  south  of  tlie  foot  of  Oneida  lake.  'I'lie  lattei'  point 
was  always  a  noted  place  for  Salmon  iishery  in  the  early 
liistory  ot"  the  country.  It  it  so  I'eferi-ed  to  in  l)(ihlnn''>i 
.lournal  above  (pioted  and  in  many  othei"  eai'ly  narratives. 

It  is  impossible,  fi-om  the  meayer  details  ^'iv en  by  ('hamplain, 
to  ascertain  the  y^/v-r/.vr  locality  ot"  the  Iroipiois  b)rt.  He 
places  it  near  a  snudl  Lake,  and  we  know  of  no  more  likely 
position,  nor  «,>ne  which  corresponds  in  more  jtarticulais  to 
("iuimplaiirs  description,  than  the  baid<s  ol'  ()noiidau-a  Lake. 
The  late  Joshua  \.  II.  Clai'k.  author  oi  the  "Ilistoiw  ol 
Oiiouda<4'a.''  states  that  traces  of  an  ancient  Indian  fortification 

'  Lake  Ontario. 

'^  These  tliiiieiisioas  are,  us  u.sual.  overstated. 


( 


(No /        / 


wero  (lii^covcrcd  l>y  tlio  first  se^ftloiri  near  tlie  prosoiif  vilhi^^c!  of 
Liverpof)!,  a  sliort  distance  iioi-rlieast  of  Syiaciiso.  These  may 
have  been  the  remains  of  tlie  fort  in  qiierttion,  Tlieru  is  reason 
to  l»elievc  that  IMonsienr  Diipiiis,  and  liis  companions,  ineltid- 
iiii:;  several  Jesnit  mission;"''''  •cuj>ied  the  same  Inciility  in 
l<'>r»*I.      It  is  described  by  t  .nits  as  a  beantifnl,  (Convenient 

and  advantai;cons  eminence,  distant  live  k'agnes  fiMni  the  vil- 
lai-'e  of  the  ( )n(iii(hiijas,  ovi  i-iookini^  Lake  (rannentaa  (()non- 
dniiii  Lake)  and  all  the  neiifhbi)riii<r  country,  and  abonndin<^ 
in  nnmerons  fret-h-water  springs.' 

The  distance  above  stated,  corresponds  with  that  between 
Liver})ool  and  Onondaya  Hollow,  the  latter  ItciiiM- the  site  of 
the  ancient  Council  fire  of  the  Inxpiois  (  nufederacy.  and  the 
then  chief  villai:;e  of  the  <  )nondai;as.  It  is  also  snp[)osed  that  the 
Count  d<i  Fronteiuio  encamjied  in  the  same  place,  M'hen  he  in- 
vaded the  Oiu-ndaua  Country  in  KiDO,  and  that  Col.  Van  Scliaick 
occupied  the  identical  u'roiind  while  on  his  expedition  a^'ainst  the 
Onciidairas  in  17T!*.''  It  was  a  i)osition  which  undonbtedlv  com- 
mended  itself  to  the  saii;acious  lro(piois,  as  eminently  suitable  for 
a  defensive  structure,  and  was  thus  early  used  for  that  puri)ose. 

In  the  discussion  of  this  ([iiestion,  I  have  endeavored  fidly 
antl  fairly  to  present  the  points,  and  to  >ii\e  due  fonre  to  the 
ariruments,  which  have  been  urii-ed  in  favoi-  of  the  identitv  of 
the  h'lifiHihonoi'oxNw'xXlx  the  Si'iH'cas,nn(\  of  the  location  of  the 
Iroquois  fort  in  the  territoiy  of  the  latter. 

It  is  submitted  that  the  weijjjht  of  testimony  is  decidedly,  if 
not  conclusively  a<i;ainst  those  pro[)ositions,  ami  that  we  must 
look  on  the  banks  of  the  Onondaga  Lake,  in  the  heart  of  the  cen- 
tral Canton  of  the  great  Iroquois  Confederacy,  for  the  site  of 
that  rude  fortification,  which  more  than  two  centuries  and  a  half 
ago,  so  bravely  and  successfully  i-esisted  the  assaults  of  the  alli(Ml 
Ilurons  and  Algonkins  of  the  northwest,  aided  by  Chanq)lain 
and  his  firearms,  and  which,  after  repeated  assaults  and  a  siege 
of  several  days,  compelled  the  assailants  to  abandon  their  enter- 
prise and  retreat,  ignoininiously,  from  the  Inxjuois  Conntry. 

'  Relation,  lGo7,  p.  14.     Quebec  EiUtion. 
'^  Clark's  Onondaga,  Vol.  I. ,  p.  230. 


) 


